On the Mind: How Parenting Affects Brain Development
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This column, On the Mind, is a series about the latest in cognitive science and neuroscience-related research that applies to our everyday lives. This biweekly series is for those interested in cutting-edge findings about the practical side of habits, memories, multitasking and the human-brain interface. What are the recent studies, and what is the context? See what science says and how you can apply it to your life.
In the debate about nature versus nurture, most of us agree that it’s a little bit of both. The latest studies looking at the brain development of teens and pre-teens have focused on the latter, particularly in socioeconomically disadvantaged families. Apparently, a poorer upbringing affects the way brains transform from childhood to adulthood in a wide range of functions and behaviors. Researchers are finding that parents can make a difference despite their challenged circumstances, which gives great hope for the future.
Studies Say
The catch, of course, is that parenting style matters the most. In a study released last week, the latest research in this small field emphasized that positive parenting tactics — such as approving, validating, affectionate or humorous reactions — are the best way to boost kids who don’t grow up with many opportunities or material possessions at home. This is particularly true for young males, reported professors at the University of Oregon and University of Melbourne in Australia. This may give a new meaning to the idea of “helicopter parents.”
More specifically, studies from last year and this year have found that socioeconomic status and brain structure is highly correlated. In particular, cortical thickness varies, which could have a major impact on language and literacy development. These differences in brain development could also affect memory, executive functioning and social-emotional processing, said researchers at Columbia University.
Other studies in the field say this link between environment and biology influences all kinds of outcomes for teens, including academic achievement, mental health, physical health, school readiness and job opportunities. Professors in New York and Missouri have called for more studies at the intersections of pediatrics, child psychology, pediatrics, neuroscience and public policy to understand these effects and make changes.
Key Takeaways
As scientists from different fields partner to deepen the connections we know about parenting, brain development, socioeconomic status and future adolescent success, we can draw a few conclusions.
1. Parents can help.
Studies in this area show consistent results. When parents take an active role in their child’s upbringing, it helps. The areas of the brain that control reactions to stress (such as the temporal lobe) and emotion and empathy (such as the amygdala) develop properly. In fact, the research is so strong that the National Academies of Sciences released a major statement last year that said “parenting matters” and called for parental support of children ages 0-8.